Okay, guys, now that all of your sections have done the terms, here's the list you can choose from to define for the final blog activity. Any one that is not crossed out is still fair game, and I'll update it as quickly as I can. Remember, you need to submit by 11:59pm on Tuesday, December 4th for it to count.
Remember to explain WHAT the term is and WHY it's something important for our course.
UPDATE 11/30: If terms run out, then you can ADD ONTO ANOTHER ONE ALREADY THERE. Just comment on that comment. Please don't do this until all the terms are gone, though.
UPDATE 12/4: GREAT WORK, GUYS! They've all been covered somewhere in here. Feel free to go back and add more to previous entries, including the ones which we covered in class.
Mughal Empire
Tea
Silver
The Long Depression (1873-1896)
Suez Canal (1869)
Rubber
Cecil Rhodes
Kiama
Muthoni
Yamagata Arimoto
Trans-Siberian Railway
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Chinese Revolution (1949)
Mohandas Gandhi
The Cuban Revolution (1959)
Los Desparecidos (the disappeared)
Sandanistas
Maria Serrano
Defensive Developmentalism
Mohammed Mossadeq
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
1973 Oil Crisis
Ruhollah Khomeini
legitimate trade
Rebellion of 1857
Wahhabism
Raj
Boxer Uprising
New Deal
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Warsaw Pact
apartheid
Fidel Castro
Tiananmen Square
truth commissions
Nelson Mandela
If these run out, I'll give you some more. See you in the last lecture tomorrow!
-Kirsten
Remember to explain WHAT the term is and WHY it's something important for our course.
UPDATE 11/30: If terms run out, then you can ADD ONTO ANOTHER ONE ALREADY THERE. Just comment on that comment. Please don't do this until all the terms are gone, though.
UPDATE 12/4: GREAT WORK, GUYS! They've all been covered somewhere in here. Feel free to go back and add more to previous entries, including the ones which we covered in class.
If these run out, I'll give you some more. See you in the last lecture tomorrow!
-Kirsten
The Washington Consensus: changed trade by eliminating barriers to entry and exit; redirected public expenditure and created a competitive exchange rate; everyone played by the same rules
ReplyDeleteAutarky: to be self-sufficient; to control the resources in your own way; to control your own economy
Shriya, Jeremy, Claire
Force publique- Belgium (king Leopold enforced) cut off hands of Congo people who didn’t collect enough rubber, could have been the beginning of labor rights
ReplyDeleteIndustrial revolution- two step process- 1. Transformations in work and how it’s thought about 2 invention of labor saving devices, increased standard of living in Europe, existed in other countries and led to the rise of European dominance
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ReplyDelete"Westernized Non-Western Intelligentsia" - the trend in the 20th century for individuals of non-Western countries to receive a Western education and take up the Western ideals of equality, freedom, and social justice, but apply them to their own national interests; Examples: Fidel Castro and Gandhi
ReplyDeleteKermit Roosevelt - director of 1953 coup (Operation Ajax) that overthrew Iranian prime minister; putting the Shah back in power and making Iran a strong client of the U.S.
Creditor of the World- The United States after World War I when the Dawes Plan went into effect. Private US bankers lent money to Germany to help them pay the Allies, who had to pay money back to the US. The importance of this is that it set the stage for World War II.
ReplyDeleteDeindustrialization- The British East India company produces silk and needs the raw material, cotton for their production. India goes from a producer of cloth to the production of raw materials to supply Britain with the materials the British needs. The importance of this is that for one country to industrialize, it requires deindustrialization of other countries.
Containment- Based on the Truman Doctrine, it is the idea of the U.S. trying to keep communism from spreading across the world, because things like the Red Scare and other panic ideas were already coming about.
ReplyDeleteDawes Plan- a temporary solution to the payments for reparations that included the U.S., Germany, and other Allies after the first World War backed by private bankers, that eventually fell through with the Great Depression.
Group Member: Sarah Petersen, Brooke Miller, Kang Peng
ReplyDeleteTerms of the group: Quinine & Social Darwinism
Quinine: effective treatment of malaria, during European colonization in Africa; allowed more Gold mining to occur once Europeans were able to successfully live in Africa free of malaria.
Social Darwinism: Connected with Imperialism; “ideology of society that seeks to apply biological concepts of Darwinism or of the evolutionary theory to sociology and politics, often with the assumption that conflict between groups in society leads to social progress as superior groups outcompete inferior ones.” (Wikipedia)
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ReplyDeleteMarshall Plan- The U.S. aids cities and economies in Europe after World War II in order to prevent the spread of communism. The Marshall Plan's goal was to make Europe prosperous again so that it would not fall to the communist influences around them.
ReplyDelete"White Man's Burden"- Poem written by Rudyard Kippling that says that white Europeans have a responsibility to rule and force their cultures on surrounding people. It became a justification for colonization and imperialism.
Meiji Restoration: Period in Japan after the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate, that started reform, modernization, development and educational reforms. It was an essential step in Japan becoming an international power.
ReplyDeleteTruman Doctrine: Issued by President Truman in the United States in 1947, stating that the US has the right to use force anywhere "free people" are threatened by Communist regimes, starting the policy of containment. It allowed the US to intervene in Guatemala and Vietnam.
Partition of India: In the Indian Independence Act 1947, the British Indian Empire and British Raj came to an end and resulted in the partition of India by religious demographics. Western and Eastern Pakistan were formed and labeled as Islamic and India which was predominately labeled as Hindu. Borders were arbitrary and resulted in millions of people to move/switch between countries.
ReplyDeleteOpium: British traded opium with China. Late 1700's were being drained of all silver and gold in trade with China, Opium became Britain's good to trade with China because it was addictive, always a need and demand for it, and something they could replenish/grow unlike gold. China grew it in India.
Sam, Jonathan, Sean Hesse, Shane
group Members: Jordan Cornwell, Kusum Rai, Domenico, Michelle.
ReplyDeleteBritish East India Company- Conducted all the trade in East India, informally established and controlled the British colonies in India before Great Britain formal began colonizing the region.
Mohammed Reza Shah- enforced western influences in Iran, Changed the name of the country from Persia to the more modern name Iran. Due to social injustice within the classes, revolution broke out overthowing Mohammed Reza Shah, putting the Islamic regiem into power.
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) :The doctrine of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) assumes that each side has enough nuclear weaponry to destroy the other side; and that either side, if attacked for any reason by the other, would retaliate without fail with equal or greater force. This was a show of the advanced strategy used in the Cold War.
ReplyDeleteBattle of Adwa: Ethiopian forces defeated Italian colonial forces the maintain their independence. It was a depiction of a successful fight against European colonisation in Africa.
Keynesian Economics: In short, the opposite of Adam Smith's idea, that government involvement is necessary for a healthy economy. This, more than anything, proves that an economic system needs to fit the situation: though it was arguably helpful when it was implemented, it is also arguably damaging in today's 'economic crisis'.
ReplyDelete1958 Referendum: In short, the vote put forth by France to its colonies to see which wanted independence, of which only Guinea took. This proves how dependent these colonies were on their host countries, and just how devastating it was to see them leave.
King Leopold II-hires Henry Stanley to explore the area around the Congo , takes the Congo as his own private colony, then Belgium takes over administration of the Congo from Leopold II due to his massive human rights abuses in his pursuit of rubber.
ReplyDeleteWhy it is important- one of the first recognitions of human rights abuses
United Fruit Company-American-based company that grew fruits in Guatemala because the land and labor costs were cheaper there.
-Guatemalan government wanted to take the land back so the CIA overthrew their president
Why it is important: US stepped in to "contain communism" but really the US just did not want to lose the monopoly
group members: Rachel Zoky, Brent Abbott, Tanja Milic
ReplyDelete1. Roosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine):
A document stating effectively that the US has police powers to intervene wherever they see “wrongdoing” in the Western Hemisphere
2. Canton:
A major port city in China, where special commissioner Lin Zexu confiscated opium from British ships and attempted to prevent the import of opium into China, leading to the first opium war between the British and the Chinese. The Chinese lost.
12:40 Recitation
ReplyDeleteSino-British Trade Imbalance: The British originally traded silver for tea with China, however, when China began to grow Opium and the British started to buy it from them, the trade between them started to shift towards the British.
Guatemalan Coup, 1954: This was a CIA operation that overthrew Jacobo Arbenz Guzman because they believed he was planning communist acts in Guatemala. The CIA trained an army known as the "Liberation Army" and exiled the Guatemalan army officer Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas. The CIA also started the Liberation radio station. Guzman eventually resigned after the "Ten Years of Spring."
Caroline, Veronica, Nathan, xuan Zhang
Iron Curtain was a symbolic division within the countries of europe after the end of world war II up until the end of the cold war in 1991. Its purpose was to separate the soviet union and its dependent allies from contacting those countries out west that were non communist.
ReplyDeleteTreaty of Versailles: This treaty was the peace treaty that marked the end of world war I. It was signed on 28 June 1919. This treaty declared Germany responsible for causing the war and required Germany to disarm, lose territories as well as pay large amounts of reparations.
Veronica Flores
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk: The first Turkish President after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. He lead a movement to turn the country into a Westernized, modern, and secular nation. He is credited as the founder of modern turkey.
ReplyDeleteSuez Canal: The Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. The canal creates a way for ships from Asia/Europe to cut through Africa (did not have to navigate around it) and it provides the shortest maritime route to the lands lying around the Indian and western Pacific oceans. It allows a lot more trade to happen among the world since ships did not have to travel as far. It is one of the world's most heavily used shipping lanes
Nelson Mandela- He became the president of South Africa in 1994 and ended the apartheid, which segregated white and black South Africans. It is historically significant since he was the first president that was elected in a democratic election in South Africa and he desegregated the country.
ReplyDeleteColleen H. 11 30
Sandinista: social-democratic political party in Nicaragua who took power in 1979; they were leftist revolutionaries
ReplyDeleteMuthoni was the young girl that died in The River Between. She showed the first attempt to unite the divided tribe as she was Christian yet wanted to be circumcised. Her death farther divided the tribe as each side believed she died because the other side's influence was evil.
ReplyDeleteMughal Empire:
ReplyDeleteMughal Empire was one of the Islamic Empires. They expanded into Hindu territories, and were more religious plural(but not really respect all other religious) than Ottoman or Safavid because they kept conquesting new territories in a Pyramid Scheme.They expand too fast, at the end they led itself to be a victim of its own victory.
The Cuban Revolution (1959):
ReplyDeleteFidel Castro, with the help of Ernesto "Che" Guevara led a guerilla war campaign to overthrow the dictatorship of Batista (U.S. backed). Castro wanted to reform the government in the way to give it back to the people and create and economically just system along the lines of socialism. The United States, which had a lot of business interests in Cuba obviously opposed Castro. This is a hot spot in the Cold War. Kennedy approved the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba which ended up being a big loss to Americans. The Soviet Union then supported Cuba, wanted to put their missiles there (The U.S. had missiles in Turkey) which caused the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Los Desparecidos (the disappeared): people abducted by Argentinian government forces through the 1970s. these people were seen as threats to the regime in power and were subsequently they were abducted (and presumably killed) leaving no trace of the cause of their disappearance. "the disappeared" later became a rallying issue in major anti-government protests.
ReplyDelete-Logan Rasnick
subsequently abducted*
Delete1973 Oil Crisis - occurred when members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), consisting of Egypt, Syria, and Tunisia, proclaimed an oil embargo. It was done in retaliation towards the U.S. for backing Israel when these nations launched a surprise attack on Israel during Yom Kippur.
ReplyDeleteBoxer Uprising - the violent Chinese peasant movement from 1899-1900 that opposed foreign influence, especially that of Christian Missionaries. It was eventually suppressed by an army composed of Japanese, Russian, British, French, and American Soldiers
Shane Walter 11:30a
Mohandas Gandhi; As a leader of Indian nationalism he had a very strong belief in solving problems without the use of violence. He is important because the non-violent way of life was not typical in those times. He is also known for the salt march, going to retrieve his own salt instead of paying the tax created by the government. Marching that far made a statement about his beliefs and how strongly he felt.
ReplyDeleteTiananmen Square; most famous for the rebellion in 1989 caused by the pro-democracy leaders. Thousands were killed during the protests. One infamous photo also representing this is the photograph of a man standing in front of a tank refusing to move.
kaily cunningham 11:30
Trans-Siberian Railway: The main transcontinental in Russia that connects hundreds of cities both large and small. It is the 3rd largest continuous service train in the world. This is important to western Europe and Russia in that it made trade accessible to all of Russia.
ReplyDeleteWahhabism: a conservative and intolerant form of Islam that is practiced in Saudi Arabia in which members strive to purify Islamic beliefs and reject any innovation occurring after the 3rd century of Islam; This is the strict form of Islam practiced by people such as Osama Bin Ladin that is used as a justification for the War on Terror
ReplyDeleteapartheid: A policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race. This was the system used during the scramble for Africa as a justification for the subordinance of the African people to the white Europeans acting as their "masters".
Cecil Rhodes- He was a British imperialist who endeavored to bring as much of Africa as he could under British colonial rule. He had an ambition to bring and create a British-controlled territory that would stretch from the Cape in South Africa to Cairo in Egypt.
ReplyDeleteMohandas Gandhi: He was a leader of the Indian nationalist movement against the British who believed in non-violent protests achieve political and social progress. Gandhi's satyagraha, a non-violent way of protesting against injustices became a major tool in the Indian struggle against British imperialism and has since been adopted by protest groups in other countries. One of the famous act he is known for was the Salt March to boycott the salt tax where he and his followers walked 200 miles away to get their own salt.
Kusum 11:30
Silver: Silver is a precious metal historically used as a trading good. In the 19th century, China maintained a self-sufficiency so that it did not need any of the agrarian goods that Britain could offer for trade. As a result, China only accepted Britain's silver as a trading commodity.
ReplyDeleteJonathon Williams 11:30
18th century*
DeleteKiama: Group formed by the traditionalist Kameno tribe, which seeks to preserve the purity of the tribe. The group is made up of highly regarded members of the tribe, and they act as a non-violent police force which deters any Kameno's behavior that is congruent with Western ideology.
ReplyDeleteJonathon Williams 11:30
Tea: A traded good through the British East India Company that was in high demand. They created a monopoly on opium in India for shipment to China in exchange for this tea. This monopoly occurred in 1773.
ReplyDeleteAnne Fruth 12:40pm
Maria Serrano: Woman in the documentary about the civil war in El Salvador. She was a part of the FMLN which is the government resistance group.
ReplyDeleteVicki F 11:30
Warsaw Pact: Signed in 1955 between eight countries (Soviet Union, Albania, Poland, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria) in Eastern Europe under the leadership of the Soviet Union, in response to West Germany joining Nato. The treaty said that the member states must come to the defense of any member attacked by an outside force. This pact remained intact until 1991.
ReplyDeleteMaria Serrano: A peasant woman and mother in northern El Salvador who becomes a major leader of the refugee/guerilla movement, known as the FMLN, during the country’s 12 year civil war (1980-1992). Her primary goal for fighting was to win independence for her people, more specifically in term of better food, education, and equality.
David Lawrence Th 12:40
Mohammed Mossadeq: Iranian leader who wanted to nationalize the oil industry so that the Iranian economy would not be completely dependent upon oil exportation. To prevent this, C.I.A./Kermit Roosevelt stage a coup to overthrow Mossadeq and return The Shah to power in Iran, making Iran a strong client of the U.S.
ReplyDeleteJonathon Williams 11:30
Universal Declaration of Human Rights: in 1948, this declaration was adopted; it arose directly from WWII experiences and was the first document that entitled all humans to certain rights. These rights were the same kinds of Enlightenment ideas from before - freedom, obligations states had to protect those freedoms and the prevention of genocide.
ReplyDeleteJames C. - 11:30
ReplyDeleteRubber: This was the driving force behind King Leopold's colonizing of the Congo. The wealth that came from rubber led Leopold to use gruesome methods of enslavement and slaughtering of innocent victims. High priced materials such as rubber played a large role during the time of imperialism as large empires saw the profit possibilities of using labor in uncolonized territories. In this particular case, the methods the Leopold used to extract rubber in the Congo also played a role in the push for human rights. People from around the world started to take note of some of the extreme events that were taking place in colonized lands. So rubber not only holds importance in the colonization of Africa, but also as the movement of human rights.
Truth Commission: Elected officials in Argentina, El Salvador, Guatemala and South Africa who established inquiries into past rulers' human rights abuses. They were very important in creating a new standard of legitimacy for democracies and for promising to uphold human rights. Obviously, these commissions are extremely vital in the issue of human rights because they not only give word to protect individual rights, but also to investigate into past abuses. It is also important in the way they "legitimized democracy. In a time where democracy and communism battled for the ultimate form of governance, these truth commissions made it clear that newly formed democratic governments understood the importance of human rights.
Yamagata Arimoto- born into the lower class of the Samurai. Received an education in Europe. Brought European modernistic and military ideas back to Japan. Believed that Japan had to modernize their government and society in order to not become colonized. He won both wars against Korea and Russia which led to the recognition of the western powers.
ReplyDeleteNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)- a military alliance in 1949 between countries in western Europe and North America; Stalin felt that this organization was a threat to the Soviet Union and in result formed the Warsaw Pact with communist nations in 1955
ReplyDeleteThis is important to our course because as the Warsaw Pact nations of eastern Europe faced off against NATO's forces in western Europe, the 1950s and 1960s witnessed tense confrontations that brought the world to the brink of an atomic WWIII.
Raj: After suppressing the Indian Rebellion of 1857, authorities revamped the colonial administration. Indians weren't supposed to be brought into British life, but they did have to be governed and the economy had to be rebuilt. So, after replacing East India Company rule by British government, they set out to make India a more secure and productive colony. This period was known as the Raj (which means rule).
ReplyDeleteVicki 11:30
New Deal- Economic programs enacted in US betweeen 1933 and 1936 by FDR. The programs were in response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the "3 Rs": Relief, Recovery, and Reform. Relief for the unemployed and poor; Recovery of the economy to normal levels; and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.
ReplyDeleteFidel Castro- is a Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who was Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976, and President from 1976 to 2008. In 1961 Castro proclaimed the socialist nature of the Cuban revolution, and in 1965 became First Secretary of the newly-founded Cuban Communist Party. Castro is a controversial and divisive world figure, lauded as a champion of anti-imperialism, humanitarianism, socialism and environmentalism by his supporters, but considered by his critics as a dictator who has overseen multiple human rights abuses...
This is an add on to a previous post:
ReplyDeleteYamagata Aritomo - an important leader of the Meiji Restoration in Japan, served twice as prime minister and shaped the army and navy. He wrote "The Coming Race War," which articulated the need for Japanese power in Asia to counterbalance Europe. This is important to the course as it shows Japan's rise as an international power.
The Long Depression- affecting primarily Western Europe and the U.S., it was a worldwide economic recession that had many theories to its cause, some of which include the Second Industrial Revolution and the Panic of 1873.
ReplyDeleteRuhollah Khomeini (1902-1989)-Iranian religious leader who used his traditional Islamic education and his training in Muslim ethics to accuse the shah's government of gross violations of Islamic norms. He also identified the shah's ally, America, as the great Satan. The shah fled the country in 1979; in his wake, Khomeini established a theocratic state ruled by a council of Islamic clerics
ReplyDeleteRebellion of 1857 - Indian uprising against the East India Company to bring religious purification, an egalitarian society and local and communal solidarity without the interference of British rule.
ReplyDeleteRuhollah Khomeini-used his traditional Islamic education, and training in Muslim ethics to accuse the shah's gov. of gross violations of Islamic norms. He called for the shah's resignation and called the U.S the great Satan. He set up a theocratic state ruled by a council of Islamic clerics
ReplyDeleteRuhollah Kohomenei: Leader of Iran who called for a religious-controlled government; returned to the country after the overthrowing of the Shah. Known for several human rights violations and known for supporting the Hostage Crisis in retaliation to the United States admitting the former Shah for cancer treatment.
ReplyDeleteThe ruler in the 'third' part of Persepolis.
Ruhollah Khomeini was an Iranian religious leader and politician, and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. Prominent piece of information when reading Persepolis in understanding the rule at that time.
ReplyDeleteThe Indian Rebellion of 1857 began as a mutiny of sepoys of the East India Company's army on 10 May 1857, in the town of Meerut, and soon escalated into other mutinies and civilian rebellions largely in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, with the major hostilities confined to present-day Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, northern Madhya Pradesh, and the Delhi region.The rebellion posed a considerable threat to Company power in that region,and was contained only with the fall of Gwalior on 20 June 1858.The rebellion is also known as the India's First War of Independence, the Great Rebellion, the Indian Mutiny, the Revolt of 1857, the Uprising of 1857, the Sepoy Rebellion, and the Sepoy Mutiny.Showed the consequences/effects of British Colonialism.
ReplyDeleteLucas Chaney
ReplyDeleteDefensive Developmentalism- the way a nation develops and attempts to emulate the development of Britain and other countries in Europe. Usually due to the successes of these European methods of governing.
In The River Between Waiyaki uses defensive developmentalism by attempting to build schools and start spreading the "white man's education".
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere- An attempt by Japan to create a unified group of Asian nations. Together, they would develop and prosper while limiting western influence.
This relates to what weve learned in the course because it is another example of a country attempting to resist westernization.
Emily Quah
ReplyDeleteTerm: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Created in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union.
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: A term used by the Japanese that referred to the states that they captured during expansion, which included Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaya, Burma, and others. The sphere was to sustain itself and disconnect from the suppression of western influences. They wanted to develop a community where all these acquired countries could comfortably exist under Japan's rule.
ReplyDelete1949 chinese revolution
ReplyDeleteseries of great politcal upheavals in china which led to a communist party rule and established the republic of china. Communist rule was established in the peoples republic of china under the leadership of Mao Zedong.
north atlantic treaty organization
ReplyDeleteStalin saw the marshall plan as a threat to the soviet union and felt the same about NATO. NATO is the millitary alliance between countries in western europe and north america. As the warsaw pact nations of eastern europe faced off against NATOs forces in western europe the 1950s and 60s witnessed confrontations that brought the world to the brink of an atomic WWIII